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Punjabi Alphabet
Gurmukhi Script
Gurmukhi ('from the mouth of the Guru') was standardized by the second Sikh Guru, Guru Angad Dev Ji, in the 16th century. It has 35 consonants and 10 vowel signs. It is the official script for Punjabi in India and is used in Sikh religious texts.
Consonants (35 Painti)
| Character | Name | Romanization | Pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| ੳ | Oora | (vowel holder) | used as a base for vowels |
| ਅ | Airaa | a | like 'u' in 'up' |
| ੲ | Eeree | (vowel holder) | used as a base for i/e vowels |
| ਸ | Sassa | s | like 's' in 'sun' |
| ਹ | Hahaa | h | like 'h' in 'house' |
| ਕ | Kakka | k | like 'k' in 'key' |
| ਖ | Khakha | kh | like 'ch' in 'loch' |
| ਗ | Gagga | g | like 'g' in 'go' |
| ਘ | Ghagha | gh | like 'g' (breathy) |
| ਙ | Nganga | ng | like 'ng' in 'sing' |
| ਚ | Chachha | ch | like 'ch' in 'cheese' |
| ਛ | Chhachha | chh | like 'ch' (aspirated) |
| ਜ | Jajja | j | like 'j' in 'jam' |
| ਝ | Jhajha | jh | like 'j' (breathy) |
| ਞ | Nyanya | ny | like 'ny' in 'canyon' |
| ਟ | Taitta | ṭ | a retroflex 't' |
| ਠ | Thaitha | ṭh | a retroflex 'th' (aspirated) |
| ਡ | Dadda | ḍ | a retroflex 'd' |
| ਢ | Dhadha | ḍh | a retroflex 'dh' |
| ਣ | Nanna | ṇ | a retroflex 'n' |
| ਤ | Tatta | t | like 't' in 'top' |
| ਥ | Thatha | th | like 't' (aspirated) |
| ਦ | Dadda (dental) | d | like 'd' in 'dog' |
| ਧ | Dhadha (dental) | dh | like 'd' (breathy) |
| ਨ | Nanna (dental) | n | like 'n' in 'night' |
| ਪ | Pappa | p | like 'p' in 'pen' |
| ਫ | Phapha | ph / f | like 'f' in 'fan' |
| ਬ | Babba | b | like 'b' in 'book' |
| ਭ | Bhabha | bh | like 'b' (breathy) |
| ਮ | Mamma | m | like 'm' in 'moon' |
| ਯ | Yayya | y | like 'y' in 'yes' |
| ਰ | Rarra | r | like 'r' in 'run' |
| ਲ | Lalla | l | like 'l' in 'lamp' |
| ਵ | Vavva | v / w | like 'v' or 'w' |
| ੜ | Rarra (retroflex) | ṛ | a retroflex 'r' flap |
Vowel Signs (Laavan)
| Character | Name | Romanization | Pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| ਕਾ | Aara (aa) | ā | like 'a' in 'father' |
| ਕਿ | Sihari (i) | i | like 'i' in 'sit' |
| ਕੀ | Bihari (ii) | ī | like 'ee' in 'meet' |
| ਕੁ | Aunkar (u) | u | like 'u' in 'put' |
| ਕੂ | Dulainkar (uu) | ū | like 'oo' in 'moon' |
| ਕੇ | Laavan (e) | e | like 'a' in 'cake' |
| ਕੈ | Dulaavan (ai) | ai | like 'i' in 'site' |
| ਕੋ | Hora (o) | o | like 'o' in 'go' |
| ਕੌ | Kanaura (au) | au | like 'ow' in 'how' |